The server will not accept connections from just anywhere. You don't want everyone to be able to display windows on your screen. Or read what you type -- remember that your keyboard is part of your display!
Too few people seem to realise that allowing access to your display poses a security risk. Someone with access to your display can read and write your screens, read your keystrokes, and read your mouse actions.
Most servers know two ways of authenticating connections to it: the host list mechanism (xhost) and the magic cookie mechanism (xauth). Then there is ssh, the secure shell, that can forward X connections.
Notice that some X servers (from XFree86) can be configured not to listen on the usual TCP port with the -nolisten tcp argument. Notably the default configuration of Debian GNU/Linux is to disable the X server listening on the TCP port. If you wish to use remote X on a Debian system, you should re-enable this by altering the way the X server is started. Look at /etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc for a start.
Xhost allows access based on hostnames. The server maintains a list of hosts which are allowed to connect to it. It can also disable host checking entirely. Beware: this means no checks are done, so every host may connect!
You can control the server's host list with the xhost program. To use this mechanism in the previous example, do:
light$ xhost +dark.matt.er
This allows all connections from host dark.matt.er. As soon as your X client has made its connection and displays a window, for safety, revoke permissions for more connections with:
light$ xhost -dark.matt.er
You can disable host checking with:
light$ xhost +
This disables host access checking and thus allows everyone to connect. You should never do this on a network on which you don't trust all users (such as Internet). You can re-enable host checking with:
light$ xhost -
xhost - by itself does not remove all hosts from the access list (that would be quite useless - you wouldn't be able to connect from anywhere, not even your local host).
Xhost is a very insecure mechanism. It does not distinguish between different users on the remote host. Also, hostnames (addresses actually) can be spoofed. This is bad if you're on an untrusted network (for instance already with dialup PPP access to Internet).
Xauth allows access to anyone who knows the right secret. Such a secret is called an authorization record, or a magic cookie. This authorization scheme is formally called MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1.
The cookies for different displays are stored together in ~/.Xauthority. Your ~/.Xauthority must be inaccessible for group/other users. The xauth program manages these cookies, hence the nickname xauth for the scheme.
You can specify a different cookie file with the XAUTHORITY environment variable, but you will rarely need this. If you're not sure which cookie file your xauth is using, do an xauth -v, and it will tell you.
On starting a session, the server reads a cookie from the file that is indicated by the -auth argument. After that, the server only allows connections from clients that know the same cookie. When the cookie in ~/.Xauthority changes, the server will not pick up the change.
Newer servers can generate cookies on the fly for clients that ask for it. Cookies are still kept inside the server though; they don't end up in ~/.Xauthority unless a client puts them there. According to David Wiggins:
A further wrinkle was added in X11R6.3 that you may be interested in. Via the new SECURITY extension, the X server itself can generate and return new cookies on the fly. Furthermore, the cookies can be designated ``untrusted'' so that applications making connections with such cookies will be restricted in their operation. For example, they won't be able to steal keyboard/mouse input, or window contents, from other trusted clients. There is a new ``generate'' subcommand to xauth to make this facility at least possible to use, if not easy.
Xauth has a clear security advantage over xhost. You can limit access to specific users on specific computers. It does not suffer from spoofed addresses as xhost does. And if you want to, you can still use xhost next to it to allow connections.
If you want to use xauth, you must start the X server with the -auth authfile argument. If you use the startx script, that's the right place to do it. Create the authorization record as below in your startx script.
Excerpt from /usr/X11R6/bin/startx:
mcookie|sed -e 's/^/add :0 . /'|xauth -q xinit -- -auth "$HOME/.Xauthority"
Mcookie is a tiny program in the util-linux package, primary site ftp://ftp.math.uio.no/pub/linux/. Alternatively, you can use md5sum to massage some random data (from, for instance, /dev/urandom or ps -axl) into cookie format:
dd if=/dev/urandom count=1|md5sum|sed -e 's/^/add :0 . /'|xauth -q xinit -- -auth "$HOME/.Xauthority"
If you can't edit the startx script (because you aren't root), get your system administrator to set up startx properly, or let him set up xdm instead. If he can't or won't, you can make a ~/.xserverrc script. If you have this script, it is run by xinit instead of the real X server. Then you can start the real X server from this script with the proper arguments. To do so, have your ~/.xserverrc use the magic cookie line above to create a cookie and then exec the real X server:
#!/bin/sh mcookie|sed -e 's/^/add :0 . /'|xauth -q exec /usr/X11R6/bin/X "$@" -auth "$HOME/.Xauthority"
If you use xdm to manage your X sessions, you can use xauth easily. Define the DisplayManager.authDir resource in /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config. Xdm will pass the -auth argument to the X server when it starts. When you then log in under xdm, xdm puts the cookie in your ~/.Xauthority for you. See xdm(1) for more information. For instance, my /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config has the following line in it:
DisplayManager.authDir: /var/lib/xdm
Now that you have started your X session on the server host light.uni.verse and have your cookie in ~/.Xauthority, you will have to transfer the cookie to the client host, dark.matt.er. There are several ways to do this.
The easiest is when your home directories on light and dark are shared. The ~/.Xauthority files are the same, so the cookie is transported instantaneously. However, there's a catch: when you put a cookie for :0 in ~/.Xauthority, dark will think it's a cookie for itself instead of for light. You must use an explicit host name when you create the cookie; you can't leave it out. You can install the same cookie for both :0 and light:0 with this little piece of sed wizardry:
#!/bin/sh mcookie|sed -e 's/^/add :0 . /' -e p -e "s/:/$HOST&/"|xauth -q exec /usr/X11R6/bin/X "$@" -auth "$HOME/.Xauthority"
rshIf the home directories aren't shared, you can transport the cookie by means of rsh, the remote shell:
light$ xauth nlist "${HOST}:0" | rsh dark.matt.er xauth nmerge -
~/.Xauthority (xauth nlist :0).| rsh dark.matt.er).~/.Xauthority there (xauth nmerge -).Notice the use of ${HOST}. You need to transport the cookie that is explicitly associated with the local host. A remote X application would interpret a display value of :0 as referring to the remote machine, which is not what you want!
It's possible that rsh doesn't work for you. Besides that, rsh also has a security drawback (spoofed host names again, if I remember correctly). If you can't or don't want to use rsh, you can also transfer the cookie manually, like:
light$ echo $DISPLAY :0 light$ xauth list $DISPLAY light/unix:0 MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 076aaecfd370fd2af6bb9f5550b26926 light$ rlogin dark.matt.er Password: dark% setenv DISPLAY light.uni.verse:0 dark% xauth Using authority file /home/zweije/.Xauthority xauth> add light.uni.verse:0 . 076aaecfd370fd2af6bb9f5550b26926 xauth> exit Writing authority file /home/zweije/.Xauthority dark% xfig & [15332] dark% logout light$
See also rsh(1) and xauth(1x) for more information.
It may be possible to piggyback the cookie on the TERM or DISPLAY variable when you do a telnet to the remote host. This would go the same way as piggybacking the DISPLAY variable on the TERM variable. See section 5: Telling the Client. You're on own here from my point of view, but I'm interested if anyone can confirm or deny this.
Notice, however, that environment variables can be observed by others on some unices, and you won't be able to prevent the cookie in $TERM from showing up if people are looking for it.
An X application on dark.matt.er, such as xfig above, will automatically look in ~/.Xauthority there for the cookie to authenticate itself with.
There's a little wrinkle when using localhost:D. X client applications translate localhost:D into host/unix:D for the purpose of cookie retrieval. Effectively, this means that a cookie for localhost:D in your ~/.Xauthority has no effect.
If you think about it, it's only logical. The interpretation of localhost depends entirely on the machine on which it's interpreted. It would give a horrible mess when you have a shared home directory, such as through NFS, with several hosts all interfering with each other's cookies.
Authority records are transmitted over the network with no encryption. If you're even worried someone might snoop on your connections, use ssh, the secure shell. It can do X forwarding over encrypted connections.
To turn on X forwarding over ssh, use the command line switch -X or write the following in your local ssh configuration file:
Host remote.host.name ForwardX11 yes
The ssh server (sshd) at the remote end automatically sets DISPLAY to point to its end of the X forwarding tunnel. The remote tunnel end gets its own cookie; the remote ssh server generates it for you and puts it in ~/.Xauthority there. So, X authorisation with ssh is fully automatic.
By the way, ssh is great in other ways too. It's a good structural improvement to your system. For more information, visit http://www.ssh.org/, the ssh home page.
Who knows anything else on authentication schemes or encrypting X connections? Maybe kerberos?